Unfortunately, Rome did not strike immediately. [11] The first line consisted of mixed infantry of mercenaries from Gaul, Liguria and the Balearic Islands. In 209, Scipio captured Carthago Nova, the Carthaginian capital in Iberia, and Massinissa is recorded to have been active in this area in the following year. The Massylian prince had good reasons to conclude this deal, because in the meantime, his father had died, and the kingdom had been taken over by his brother Oezalces. Hannibal most likely believed that the combination of the war elephants and the depth of the first two lines would weaken and disorganize the Roman advance. After a close contest, his first line was pushed back by the Roman hastati. [10], Hannibal's army consisted of 36,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry and 80 war elephants, while Scipio had a total of 29,000 infantry and 6,100 cavalry. The elephants opened the battle by charging the main Roman army. Le 25 mai , les troupes de l’armée française occupèrent la ville de Souk Ahras en deux campagnes. Scipio was first sent to Sicily, from where he first had to reconquer the "toe" of Italy to secure the Strait of Messina. The battle took place at Zama Regia, near Siliana 130 km southwest of Tunis. The Carthaginians no longer believed a treaty advantageous, and rebuffed it under much Roman protest.[9]. La bataille de Zama fut, en 202 avant l'ère chrétienne, un affrontement décisif de la deuxième guerre punique. [14] Hannibal ordered his second line not to allow the first line in their ranks. Unificateur de la Numidie, et pour qui l'Afrique devait - déjà - revenir aux africains. [8] Meanwhile, the Carthaginians breached the armistice agreement by capturing a stranded Roman fleet in the Gulf of Tunis and stripping it of supplies. Hannibal's third line of veterans, reinforced by the citizen levies and mercenaries, faced off against the Roman army, which had been redeployed into a single line. He left his kingdom to his three sons Micipsa, Gulussa, and Mastanabal.note[Appian, Punic Wars 106.]. Carthage now also incurred a war against the Romans. When Massinissa was born, Numidia (more or less the north of modern Algeria) was a country on the edge of the urbanized world of the Mediterranean. In 154, Carthage decided to strike back, and began to build an army. At the start of the Second Punic War, Masinissa fought for Carthage against Syphax, the king of the Masaesyli of western Numidia (present day Algeria), who had allied himself with the Romans. Massinissa died in 148, shortly after the Roman invasion. [9] [18][19], One provision of the treaty ending the Second Punic War was that the Carthaginians were not allowed to make war without Roman consent. Among the captives was also Syphax's wife Sophonisba (daughter of Hasdrubal), with whom Massinissa had once been engaged. The Carthaginian infantry was encircled and annihilated. Scipio attacks Hannibal's first and second lines of infantry and routs both. The Romans could help Massinissa become king. L’alliance ente Massinissa et Scipion à Zama (l’actuelle Souk-Ahras, en Algérie), 202 avant J.C, contre Hannibal, s’inscrit dans le cadre des guerres puniques , entre Carthage et Rome. With this reinforcement the Roman front renewed their attack and defeated Hannibal's second line. By this time, Hasdrubal was trying to bring reinforcements to his brother in Italy (in vain), and the Carthaginian army, under new leaders, was slowly forced back to Andalusia. The stronger right wing was composed of the Numidian cavalry and commanded by Masinissa, while the left was composed of Italian cavalry under the command of Laelius. In the company of Scipio and his relatives, Massinissa also met the Greek historian Polybius of Megalopolis, who seems to have liked the Numidian king and describes him as a cultivated man, whose mission it was to civilize his country. Scipio orders his cavalry to blow loud horns to terrify the charging beasts. After defeating Carthaginian and Numidian armies at the battles of Utica and the Great Plains, Scipio imposed peace terms on the Carthaginians, … As an ally of Rome living near its arch-enemy, Massinissa could always raid Carthaginian land, or simply claim that it was his. Carthage fut contrainte de restituer à Massinissa tous les territoires qui avaient été arrachés à ses ancêtres. He came up with an ingenious plan to deal with them. Le premier roi de la Numidie unifiée et indépendante. Mais le précédent traité fut révisé et la cité punique dut restituer à Massinissa tous les territ… Their presence is widely discounted as Roman propaganda, although T. Dorey suggests that there may be a grain of truth here if the Carthaginians recruited a trivial and unofficial number of mercenaries from Macedonia.[13]. The Roman second line joined the struggle and pushed back the Carthaginian assault. The positive tone of our sources is essentially based on Polybius' portrait. Massinissa (238-148 av. At the outset of the battle, Hannibal unleashed his elephants and skirmishers against the Roman troops in order to break the cohesion of their lines and exploit the breaches that could be opened. Allié de Scipion dans la guerre menée en Afrique du Nord par Rome contre Carthage et Hannibal. Massinissa se relève et, à pied, s'élance vers Hannibal, à travers une grêle de traits, qu'il reçoit sur son bouclier en peau d'éléphant. Hannibal also employed 80 war elephants. Carthaginian cavalry routed off the field. Bataille de Zama : 19 octobre 202 avant J.C. Cette bataille sera le dernier affrontement entre Rome et Carthage au cours de la Seconde Guerre Punique. The panicked Carthaginians felt that they had no alternative but to offer peace to Scipio, and having the authority to do so, Scipio granted peace on generous terms. The Carthaginian cavalry, acting on the instructions of Hannibal, allowed the Roman cavalry to chase them in order to lure them away from the battlefield so that they wouldn't attack the Carthaginian armies in the rear. The treaty bankrupted Carthage and destroyed any chance of its being a military power in the future. Hannibal était en guerre contre Rome uniquement et il tenait à ce qu’on le sache. The panicked elephants turn on the Carthaginian left wing and rampage through it. Hannibal waited for Scipio to attack. Almost immediately, Carthage surrendered. About Pictures Sources Countries Languages Categories Tags Thanks FAQ Donate Contact Articles Stubs. All content copyright © 1995–2021 Livius.org. He negotiated with his opponents, and both parties agrees that if the Romans would invade Africa, Massinissa would help them. After defeating Carthaginian and Numidian armies at the battles of Utica and the Great Plains, Scipio imposed peace terms on the Carthaginians, who had no choice but to accept them. La victoire de Rome et de Massinissa sur Carthage et les Massaesyle se confirme en 202 av. The two men are said to have met face-to-face before the battle. Roman right wing charges and routs the Carthaginian cavalry, followed by the Roman left wing routing the Carthaginian right wing. Hannibal s'allia à Vermina, le fils et successeur de Syphax et, ensemble, ils envahirent le royaume des Massyles. [8] Hannibal now charged with his second line. Scipio was able to rally his men. Massinissa (238-148 av. Massinissa s’est allié à Rome , pour contenir les ambitions expansionnistes de Carthage , sur son royaume de Numidie . [10], Learn how and when to remove this template message, http://www.biography.com/.amp/military-figure/hannibal, http://www.historynet.com/why-hannibal-lost.htm, The Army and Fleet of Publius Scipio's African Campaign: 204 BC, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Zama&oldid=1011895141, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles needing additional references from October 2017, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 13 March 2021, at 13:19. [15] The attack was met by Roman skirmishers. Monnaie de Massinissa Scipio's plan to neutralize the threat of the elephants had worked; his troops then fell back into traditional Roman battle formation. Massinissa et Rome vainquirent les Carthaginois et Syphax sous le commandement d’ Hannibal au moment du déclenchement de la célèbre bataille de Zama dans la région de Naragara actuelle Heddada , aux environs de l’année av. He was betrothed to the da… Elle vit se mesurer Scipion qui n’est pas encore l’Africain, aidé du roi numide Massinissa et Hannibal, revenu d’Italie suivant la demande du Sénat carthaginois, allié avec un autre roi numide ; Syphax. Massinissa, roi numide. Hannibal initially returned to Carthage and went into civilian politics; under his leadership Carthage experienced a rapid post-war economic recovery. In this period, he developed the country economically. Peu après celle-ci, le sénat carthaginois signa un traité de paix qui mit fin à 18 ans de guerre. The resulting clash was fierce and bloody, with neither side achieving superiority. Once the Carthaginian cavalry was far enough away, they turned and attacked the Roman cavalry but were eventually routed. Massinissa was still able to assist a first Roman expedition to Africa, commanded by Scipio's deputy Laelius - together they looted the camp of Syphax - but in the end, Massinissa lost his position, and when Scipio finally made his appearance in Africa in 203, the Numidian could offer only 200 cavalry. At this moment, Massinissa must have understood that Rome was to win the war. Due to pressure from both Rome and domestic political rivals, Hannibal voluntarily stepped down from power and went into exile. Hannibal was first to march and reach the plains of Zama Regia, which were suitable for cavalry maneuvering. Only 55,000 of the city’s inhabitants survived, almost all of whom were sold into slavery by the Romans. Massinissa se relève et, à pied, s'élance vers Hannibal, à travers une grêle de traits, qu'il reçoit sur son bouclier en peau d'éléphant. Zama se trouve à Siliana (nord-ouest de l… So he gained ports in the north and east (e.g., Sabratha, Oea [in 162/161], and Lepcis Magna). One third of Hannibal's army were citizen levies, and the Romans had 6,100 cavalry to Carthage's 4,000, as most of the Numidian cavalry that Hannibal had employed with great success in Italy had defected to the Romans. This allowed the Romans to establish a casus belli for the Third Punic War about 50 years later, after the Carthaginians defended themselves from Numidian encroachments, against which the Romans did not initially intervene. Unable to field a viable force in open combat and abandoned by all of their Punic allies, the Carthaginians commenced a spirited defense of their home city which, after an extended siege, was captured and completely destroyed in 146 BC. Finally, Scipio's cavalry returned to the battle and attacked Hannibal's army in the rear, routing and destroying it. Massinissa et Scipion les rejoignirent à Zama (l'actuelle Souk Ahras, en Algérie) et une grande bataille s'engagea (202 av. However, the Romans were able to reorganize their army, which was commanded by Publius Cornelius Scipio, the son of the man who had been defeated by Hasdrubal. Scipio knew that elephants could be ordered to charge forward, but they could only continue their charge in a straight line. Scipio reinforced the hastati with the second-line principes.[10]. Hannibal had 36,000 infantry to Scipio's 29,000.
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