The year 307 saw the return of Maximian to the rank of augustus alongside his son Maxentius, creating a total of six rulers of the Empire. Conflict between the two culminated in the assassination of the latter. 296–98. "[56] The mob tried to obstruct his progress to the Capitol, and even threw stones. According to Gibbon in The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, upon being mortally wounded by a dart, he was carried back to his camp. La date est retenue par les historiens comme la fin de l’Empire romain d’Occident. He also kept those forces wintered in Syria, where they became attracted to the young Elagabalus. [39][41], The period of the "Five Good Emperors" was brought to an end by the reign of Commodus from 180 to 192. One was from Odoacer requesting that his control of Italy be formally recognised by the empire, in which case he would in turn acknowledge Zeno's supremacy. Although Vespasian was considered an autocrat by the Senate, he mostly continued the weakening of that body begun in the reign of Tiberius. However, the eastern emperor Theodosius refused to recognise Eugenius as emperor and invaded the West, defeating and killing Arbogast and Eugenius at the Battle of the Frigidus. This left the Empire with five rulers: four augusti (Galerius, Constantine, Severus and Maxentius) and one caesar (Maximinus). Progressivement les Romains vont constituer un empire puissant qui va d’abord prendre la forme politique d’une royauté jusqu’en 509 av JC date à laquelle elle se transforme en République. He used that power to expel dissident senators. Before his father's death, Caracalla was proclaimed co-emperor with his father and brother Geta. Domitian's paranoia led to a large number of arrests, executions, and seizures of property (which might help explain his ability to spend so lavishly). [42], After the murder had been carried out, Pertinax, who was serving as urban prefect at this time, was hurried to the Praetorian Camp and proclaimed emperor the following morning. During his rule, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent; it was quite possible for a Roman to travel from Britain to the Persian Gulf without leaving Roman territory. He was co-emperor with his father from 177. By this time Nero was hugely unpopular despite his attempts to blame the Christians for most of his regime's problems. A military coup drove Nero into hiding. [53][54][55] Whenever Julianus appeared in public he was saluted with groans, imprecations, and shouts of "robber and parricide. Arcadius became ruler in the East, with his capital in Constantinople, and Honorius became ruler in the West, with his capital in Milan and later Ravenna. He restored the privileges of Christianity. • Auguste impose la conception unificatrice de César. This revolt spread to the entire Syrian army (which, at the time, was swollen with troops raised by the emperor Caracalla, and not fully loyal to Macrinus), and eventually they were to win the short struggle that followed by defeating Macrinus at a battle just outside Antioch. Gratian fled from Lutetia (Paris) to Lugdunum (Lyon), where he was assassinated on August 25, 383, at the age of 25. [38] However, Roman golden medallions from the reign of Antoninus Pius, and possibly his successor Marcus Aurelius, have been discovered at Óc Eo (in southern Vietnam), which was then part of the kingdom of Funan near Chinese-controlled Jiaozhi (northern Vietnam) and the region where Chinese historical texts claim the Romans first landed before venturing further into China to conduct diplomacy. In The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, it is noted that Commodus at first ruled the empire well. Durant les 150 années suivantes, les Romainsagrandissent enco… During the decades of the Valentinianic and Theodosian dynasties, the established practice of multiple emperors was continued. The officers of his army elected the rather obscure officer Jovian emperor. Now sole ruler of Rome, Octavian began a full-scale reformation of military, fiscal and political matters. The situation of the Roman Empire became dire in AD 235, when the emperor Alexander Severus was murdered by his own troops. The crisis of 69 had wrought havoc on the army. Constantine II was killed in conflict with his youngest brother in 340. Severus continued official persecution of Christians and Jews, as they were the only two groups who would not assimilate their beliefs to the official syncretistic creed. He had served as an effective general under his father, helping to secure the east and eventually taking over the command of Roman armies in Syria and Iudaea, quelling a significant Jewish revolt at the time. The battle had far-reaching consequences. Ainsi, Rome contrôle la quasi-totalité des terres situées sur le pourtour méditerranéen. Contemporary historian Ammianus Marcellinus estimated that two-thirds of the Roman army were lost in the battle. Theodosius II reigned for more than forty years. Valens allowed them to settle as foederati on the southern bank of the Danube in 376. His other first cousin Constantia convinced Vetranio to proclaim himself caesar in opposition to Magnentius. The history of the Roman Empire covers the history of ancient Rome from the fall of the Roman Republic in 27 BC until the abdication of Romulus Augustulus in AD 476 in the West, and the Fall of Constantinople in the East in AD 1453. Diocletian himself was the augustus of the eastern half, and he made his long-time friend Maximian augustus of the western half. On August 9, 378, the Battle of Adrianople resulted in the crushing defeat of the Romans and the death of Valens. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License. Constans was himself killed in conflict with the rebel augustus Magnentius on January 18, 350. Herodian says "in their opinion Alexander showed no honourable intention to pursue the war and preferred a life of ease, when he should have marched out to punish the Germans for their previous insolence" (Herodian vi.7.10). Elagabalus was then accepted by the Senate, and he began the slow journey to Rome. vers -640 : construction du port d'Ostie. – 1643 C.E. Although all three have been criticised, especially based on their more centralised style of rule, they issued reforms that created a stable enough empire to last well into the 3rd century. Augustus was a scion of the gens Julia (the Julian family), one of the most ancient patrician clans of Rome, while Tiberius was a scion of the gens Claudia, only slightly less ancient than the Julians. J.-C. et s’est maintenue jusqu’à l’époque de l’Empire romain en l’an 27 av. [27] Claudius was deified later that year. When Commodus' behaviour became increasingly erratic throughout the early 190s, Pertinax is thought to have been implicated in the conspiracy that led to Commodus' assassination on 31 December 192. Aurelian reigned (270–275) through the worst of the crisis, defeating the Vandals, the Visigoths, the Palmyrenes, the Persians, and then the remainder of the Gallic Empire. Each augustus took a junior emperor called a caesar to aid him in administrative matters, and to provide a line of succession. In 212, during the reign of Caracalla, Roman citizenship was granted to all freeborn inhabitants of the Empire. In 43 BC at the age of twenty he became one of the three members of the Second Triumvirate, a political alliance with Marcus Lepidus and Mark Antony. He deposed the king and annexed it to the Roman Empire. Constantine and his co-augustus Licinius legalised Christianity definitively in 313 in the so-called Edict of Milan. Ce document a été mis à jour le 17/10/2008 More than a century would pass before Rome again lost military ascendancy over its external enemies. He improved the bureaucracy and streamlined the citizenship and senatorial rolls. [43] His short reign (86 days) was an uneasy one. When Claudius died in 270 of the plague, Aurelian, who had commanded the cavalry at Naissus, succeeded him as the emperor and continued the restoration of the Empire. The Caligula that emerged in late 37 demonstrated features of mental instability that led modern commentators to diagnose him with such illnesses as encephalitis, which can cause mental derangement, hyperthyroidism, or even a nervous breakdown (perhaps brought on by the stress of his position). These continuing problems would be radically addressed by Diocletian, allowing the Empire to continue to survive in the West for over a century and in the East for over a millennium. The eldest son of Severus, Caracalla was born Lucius Septimius Bassianus in Lugdunum, Gaul. Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World’s Major Battles and How They Shaped History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 63. In the reign of Philip the Arab (r. 244–249), Rome celebrated the thousandth anniversary of her founding by Romulus and Remus with the Saecular Games. Comme Jésus, Mithra fut mis au monde dans une grotte par une vierge immaculée. His generosity in rebuilding after these tragedies made him very popular. Votre adresse de messagerie ne sera pas publiée. The Augustan Age is not as well documented as the age of Caesar and Cicero. His prosecution of the war against a German invasion of Gaul led to his overthrow by the troops he was leading, whose regard the twenty-seven-year-old had lost during the campaign. © 2018 Histoire à la carte | Mentions légales | cgu | rgpd The encroachment on the traditional Roman sphere of influence by Osroes ended the peace which had lasted for some 50 years.[33]. Other claimants were descended from Marcia Euphemia, the daughter of the emperor Marcian from his first marriage, before becoming emperor. He was proclaimed emperor by the troops of Emesa, his hometown, who were instigated to do so by Elagabalus's grandmother, Julia Maesa. This victory was significant as the turning point of the crisis, when a series of tough, energetic soldier-emperors took power. On December 20, 69, some of Vespasian's partisans were able to occupy Rome. 12 avril 2020. "Caracalla" was a nickname referring to the Gallic hooded tunic he habitually wore even when he slept. J-C. On remplacera le roi par deux magistrats (souvent de riches citoyens), élus par le peuple. On March 28 Valentinian chose his own younger brother Valens and the two new augusti parted the empire in the pattern established by Diocletian: Valentinian would administer the western provinces, while Valens took control over the eastern empire. He held the opening ceremonies in the still unfinished edifice during the year 80, celebrating with a lavish show that featured 100 gladiators and lasted 100 days. Theodosius elevated his oldest son Arcadius to augustus in January 383, in an obvious attempt to secure succession. Whatever the case, he was greatly mourned and missed. Historians thus refer to their dynasty as "Julio-Claudian". Josephus's Jewish Antiquities is the important source for Judea,which became a province during Augustus's reign. In 311 Galerius's Edict of Serdica officially put an end to the persecution of Christians, though the persecution continued in the territory of Maximinius Daia until his death in 313. Despite this gesture of universality, the Severan dynasty was tumultuous—an emperor's reign was ended routinely by his murder or execution—and following its collapse, the Roman Empire was engulfed by the Crisis of the Third Century, a period of invasions, civil strife, economic disorder, and epidemic disease. Gibbon says that this arrangement has been compared to a "chorus of music". Most chronologies place the end of the western Roman Empire in 476, when Romulus Augustulus was forced to abdicate to the Germanic warlord Odoacer. Additionally, in 251, the Plague of Cyprian (possibly smallpox) broke out, causing large-scale mortality which may have seriously affected the ability of the Empire to defend itself. Maximus himself was captured and executed in Aquileia on July 28, 388. [32] Decebalus complied with the terms for a time, but before long he began inciting revolt. His personal beliefs were largely influenced by Neoplatonism and Theurgy; he reputedly believed he was the reincarnation of Alexander the Great. In 392 Valentinian II died mysteriously in Vienne. As the adopted heir of Julius Caesar, Augustus had taken Caesar as a component of his name, and handed down the name to his heirs of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. L’Empire romain continuera de dominer ainsi le bassin méditerranéen et les Empereurs se succèderont jusqu’à la fin du 5 ème siècle (476, invasion de Rome). Près de 13 siècles se sont écoulés depuis la fondation de Rome. He rose through military service to consular rank under the later Antonines. His reign in Rome has long been known for outrageousness, although the historical sources are few, and in many cases not to be fully trusted. Jovian himself died on February 17, 364. Diadumenian was the son of Macrinus, born in 208. The Pax Romana, or "Roman Peace", ended with the reign of Commodus. After his accession, Nerva set a new tone: he released those imprisoned for treason, banned future prosecutions for treason, restored much confiscated property, and involved the Roman Senate in his rule. He believed himself a god and decided to build an opulent palace for himself. Tiberius was the son of Livia, the third wife of Octavian, by her first marriage to Tiberius Nero. But he did not stop there. Their dissatisfaction led them to revolt against their Roman hosts. Hadrian's army crushed the Bar Kokhba revolt, a massive Jewish uprising in Judea (132–135). However the division was merely nominal, actual authority in the west still rested with Gratian, and with Valens as the senior emperor. He then requested water and, shortly after drinking it, died. He was forced to submit to their demands, agreeing to hand over those responsible for Domitian's death and even giving a speech thanking the rebellious Praetorians. The Praetorian Guard, however, acclaimed him as emperor. Claudius was a younger brother of Germanicus, and had long been considered a weakling and a fool by the rest of his family. The senior augustus also became unpopular with his own Roman troops because of his close association with so-called barbarians. His most significant early decision was to make peace with the Parthian Empire, but many thought that the terms were degrading to the Romans. He attempted to impose stricter military discipline upon the pampered Praetorians. Le Haut-Empire constitue avec le Bas-Empire une des deux découpes historiographiques de l'Empire romain dans l'historiographie romaine vue par les historiens français. The eighteen-year-old Emperor Elagabalus and his mother were both taken from the palace, dragged through the streets, murdered and thrown in the river Tiber by the Praetorian Guard, who then proclaimed Alexander Severus as augustus. Galerius and Severus campaigned against them in Italy. Zeno told Odoacer and the Roman Senate to take Nepos back, but Nepos never returned from Dalmatia, even though Odoacer issued coins in his name. [50] Although advised to flee, he then attempted to reason with them, and was almost successful before being struck down by one of the soldiers. Also, through his power as censor, he was able to carefully examine the fiscal status of every city and province, many paying taxes based upon information and structures more than a century old. Diocletian saw that the vast Roman Empire was ungovernable by a single emperor in the face of internal pressures and military threats on two fronts. Votre adresse de messagerie ne sera pas publiée. On February 28, 364, Pannonian officer Valentinian I was elected augustus in Nicaea, Bithynia. Info. Magnentius was at first opposed in the city of Rome by self-proclaimed augustus Nepotianus, a paternal first cousin of Constans. The Roman state would continue to have two different emperors with different seats of power throughout the 5th century, though the Eastern Romans considered themselves to be the only ones who were fully Roman. Exposé de 7 pages en histoire antique : La chute de l'Empire romain d'Occident. Also included in Augustus's tribunician authority were powers usually reserved for the Roman censor; these included the right to supervise public morals and scrutinize laws to ensure they were in the public interest, as well as the ability to hold a census and determine the membership of the Senate. Then he turned south into Parthian territory in Mesopotamia, taking the cities of Babylon, Seleucia and finally the capital of Ctesiphon in 116, while suppressing the Kitos War, a Jewish uprising across the eastern provinces. Facing execution at the hands of the Roman Senate, he reportedly committed suicide in 68. The Roman Empire in AD 117, at its greatest extent. Résumé des restrictions, conditions d'entrée en Italie, test PCR, etc. The death of Claudius paved the way for Agrippina's own son, the 17-year-old Lucius Domitius Nero. Contemporary historians have treated him as a controversial figure. She spread a rumor that Elagabalus was the secret son of Caracalla. Il transforme l'empire romain d'Orient en empire byzantin (du nom de Byzance, nom grec de Constantinople). By 384, negotiations were unfruitful and Maximus tried to press the matter by settling succession as only a legitimate emperor could do: proclaiming his own infant son Flavius Victor an augustus. Cassius proclaimed himself Roman Emperor and took the provinces of Egypt and Syria as his part of the empire. Valens led a campaign against them in 378. He was then forced to abdicate by the legitimate augustus Constantius. However, his rule soon became characterized by paranoia. His brief renaissance of paganism would, however, end with his death. La République s’est implantée à Rome en l’an 509 av. A relative of Leo I's wife Verina whose name is lost was married to Julius, the future emperor, who took the name Nepos, 'nephew', from his wife's relationship with the imperial dynasty. The dissatisfied mercenaries, including the Heruli, revolted. He lived out his retirement in his palace on the Dalmatian coast, tending to his vegetable gardens. On his death in February 395, the two halves of the Empire to his two sons Arcadius and Honorius. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. After an initial period of tolerance, Diocletian, who was a fervent pagan and was worried about the ever-increasing numbers of Christians in the Empire, persecuted them with zeal unknown since the time of Nero; this was to be one of the greatest persecutions the Christians endured in history. Galerius, aided by Diocletian, campaigned successfully against Sassanid Persia, the empire's traditional enemy. In Asia, a revitalised Parthian Empire renewed its assault. His brother Domitian succeeded him. 161–180: Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, 180–193: Commodus and the Year of the Five Emperors, Interlude: Macrinus and Diadumenian (217–218), 379–457: Valentinianic–Theodosian dynasty, Other ways of referring to the "Roman Empire" among the Romans and Greeks themselves included. This led to his murder in 96, orchestrated by his enemies in the Senate, Stephanus (the steward of the deceased Julia Flavia), members of the Praetorian Guard and the empress Domitia Longina. In 175, while on campaign in the northern Germany in the Marcomannic Wars, Marcus was forced to contend with a rebellion by Avidius Cassius, a general who had been an officer during the wars against Persia. -753 à -716 : Règne de Romulus. ", Tulane University "Roman Currency of the Principate", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Roman_Empire&oldid=1007770545, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 19 February 2021, at 21:11. The Diocletianic Persecution (303–11), the empire's last, largest, and bloodiest official persecution of Christianity, did not destroy the empire's Christian community; indeed, after 324 Christianity became the empire's preferred religion under its first Christian emperor, Constantine. It is possible that an alleged Roman embassy from "Daqin" that arrived in Eastern Han China in 166 via a Roman maritime route into the South China Sea, landing at Jiaozhou (northern Vietnam) and bearing gifts for the Emperor Huan of Han (r. 146–168), was sent by Marcus Aurelius, or his predecessor Antoninus Pius (the confusion stems from the transliteration of their names as "Andun", Chinese: 安敦). The Roman provinces of Gaul, Britain and Hispania broke off to form the Gallic Empire and, two years later in 260, the eastern provinces of Syria, Palestine and Aegyptus became independent as the Palmyrene Empire, leaving the remaining Italian-centered Roman Empire-proper in the middle. The so-called Domus Aurea, meaning golden house in Latin, was constructed atop the burnt remains of Rome after the Great Fire of Rome (64). Marcus Aurelius sent his co-emperor Lucius Verus to command the legions in the East. He instead placed similar restrictions on Christianity, and some unofficial violence against Christians occurred. Some of his officers advised caution and to await the arrival of Gratian, others urged an immediate attack and eventually prevailed over Valens, who, eager to have all of the glory for himself, rushed into battle. The empire was parted again among his three surviving sons. The increasing unpopularity of Gratian would cause the four augusti problems later that same year. J.-C. est le seul maître de Rome. Theodosius I, the last emperor to rule over both the eastern empire and the whole western empire, died in AD 395 after making Christianity the official religion of the Empire. He attempted to emulate the restrained practices of Marcus Aurelius, and made an effort to reform the welfare program for poor children but he faced antagonism from many quarters. In spite of his failures, Diocletian's reforms fundamentally changed the structure of Roman imperial government and helped stabilize the empire economically and militarily, enabling the empire to remain essentially intact for another hundred years despite being near the brink of collapse in Diocletian's youth. His reign included the Roman–Parthian War (a successful war and negotiated peace with the Parthian Empire (58–63)), the suppression of a revolt led by Boudica in Britannia (60–61) and the improvement of cultural ties with Greece. Because of the convenience of this many believe that Nero was ultimately responsible for the fire, spawning the legend of him fiddling while Rome burned which is almost certainly untrue. War between the rival emperors continued until Procopius was defeated. Not until the reign of Heraclius would the Roman army push so far to the east, and Roman territory never again reached so far eastward. Following the suicide of Otho, Vespasian was able to take control of Rome's winter grain supply in Egypt, placing him in a good position to defeat his remaining rival, Vitellius. Odoacer attacked Dalmatia, and the ensuing war ended with Theodoric the Great, King of the Ostrogoths, conquering Italy under Zeno's authority and forming the Ostrogothic Kingdom, with its capital at Ravenna. However, his short reign was marked by disaster: in 79, Mount Vesuvius erupted in Pompeii, and in 80, a fire destroyed much of Rome. Veteran soldiers and valuable administrators were among the heavy casualties. Eck, Werner; translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider; new material by Sarolta A. Takács. Galerius became caesar for Diocletian and Constantius Chlorus caesar for Maximian. J.-C. et 476 apr. In July 285, Diocletian defeated rival emperor Carinus and briefly became sole emperor of the Roman Empire. Whether censorial powers were granted to Augustus as part of his tribunician authority, or he simply assumed those, is a matter of debate. Yü, Ying-shih. The transition to divided western and eastern halves of the empire was gradual. The two augusti of Italy also managed to ally themselves with Constantine by having Constantine marry Fausta, the daughter of Maximian and sister of Maxentius. L a romanisation concerne l'influence qu'a exercé l'empire romain sur tous les territoires conquis, devenus des provinces romaines. [70][71] Severus dismissed the Praetorian Guard and executed the soldiers who had killed Pertinax. He then proceeded to debate the philosophical nature of the soul with his generals. In AD 14 Augustus died at the age of seventy-five, having ruled the empire for forty years, and was succeeded as emperor by Tiberius. Some say he was transgender, and one ancient text states that he offered half the empire to the physician who could give him female genitalia. 486 The eastern empire exercised diminishing control over the west over the course of the next century. Toward the end of his reign Domitian became extremely paranoid, which probably had its roots in the treatment he received by his father: although given significant responsibility, he was never trusted with anything important without supervision. In The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Edward Gibbon notes that this arrangement worked well because of the affinity the four rulers had for each other. In 317, Constantine and Licinius elevated three of the grandchildren of Constantius to caesar: Constantine's eldest sons Crispus and Constantine II, and his nephew, Licinius's son Licinius II Constantine defeated his brother-in-law in 324 and executed both him and his son. While the senior augustus administered the eastern empire, Gratian governed the praetorian prefecture of Gaul. Through his sound fiscal policy, the emperor Vespasian was able to build up a surplus in the treasury, and began construction on the Colosseum. Valens had him executed on May 27, 366. Valens was apparently overconfident of the numerical superiority of his own forces over the Goths. This unified the empire under his control as sole augustus, with only his young sons as co-emperors; he raised his son Constantius II to caesar in 324. His eventual defeat and suicide left Constantius as sole emperor until the nomination of his cousin Constantius Gallus as his caesar and co-emperor. Theodosius continued supporting Valentinian and protecting him from a variety of usurpations. All of the Flavians had rather poor relations with the Senate due to their autocratic rule; however, Domitian was the only one who encountered significant problems. Sejanus was put to death, along with many of his associates, the same year. The other deputation was from Julius Nepos, requesting support to regain the throne. He established new administrative centers in Nicomedia, Mediolanum, Antioch, and Trier, closer to the empire's frontiers than the traditional capital at Rome had been. L’Empire Romain d’Occident est mort, seul subsiste l’empire romain d’Orient à Constantinople. Eventually it reached the point where even his closest advisers and family members lived in fear. His domestic policy was one of relative peace and prosperity. Theodosius restored Valentinian to power and through his influence had him converted to orthodox catholic Christianity. Germanic tribes and other people launched many raids along the long north European border, particularly into Gaul and across the Danube—Germans, these in turn, may have been under attack from more warlike tribes farther east, driving them into the empire. His choice was Theodosius I, son of formerly distinguished magister equitum Count Theodosius. Ancient Rome became a territorial empire while still a republic, but was then ruled by Roman emperors beginning with Augustus (r. 27 BC – 14 AD), becoming the Roman Empire following the death of the last republican dictator, the first emperor's adoptive father Julius Caesar. Although there was some trepidation when he took office because of his known dealings with some of the less respectable elements of Roman society, he quickly proved his merit, even recalling many exiled by his father as a show of good faith. Titus was very proud of his work on the vast amphitheater begun by his father. He began a series of treason trials and executions, which continued until his death in 37. In his own family life, Claudius was less successful. Eck, Werner; translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider; new material by Sarolta A. Takács. In 41, Caligula was assassinated by the commander of the guard Cassius Chaerea. Augustus was granted the authority of a tribune (tribunicia potestas), though not the title, which allowed him to call together the Senate and people at will and lay business before it, veto the actions of either the Assembly or the Senate, preside over elections, and it gave him the right to speak first at any meeting. Constantius sent orders for the troops to be transferred to the east as reinforcements for his own currently unsuccessful campaign against Shapur II of Persia. Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the Republic in the 6th century BC, though it did not expand outside of the Italian Peninsula until the 3rd century BC. Zeno granted Odoacer the title patrician. One could argue that the assassination attempt began the long decline of the Roman Empire. Marcian was the last of the Theodosians to rule in the east, and only connected to them by marriage to the augusta. After months of mild rebellion by the bulk of the army in Syria, Macrinus took his loyal troops to meet the army of Elagabalus near Antioch. In April 375 Valentinian I led his army in a campaign against the Quadi, a Germanic tribe which had invaded his native region of Pannonia. Gratian lost favour with factions of the Roman Senate by prohibiting traditional paganism at Rome and relinquishing his title of Pontifex Maximus. Seeing that her grandson's outrageous behavior could mean the loss of power, Julia Maesa persuaded Elagabalus to accept his cousin Alexander Severus as caesar (and thus the nominal emperor-to-be).
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