Finance had always been the weak spot in the French monarchy: methods of collecting taxes were costly and inefficient; direct taxes passed through the hands of many intermediate officials; and indirect taxes were collected by private concessionaries, called tax farmers, who made a substantial profit. Nevertheless, excellent results were achieved: the deficit of 1661 turned into a surplus in 1666. Anne imprisoned any aristocrat or member of parliament who challenged her will; her main aim was to transfer to her son an absolute authority in the matters of finance and justice. [52] He encouraged leading nobles to live at Versailles. Among other things, it prescribed baptismal, marriage and death records in the state's registers, not the church's, and it strictly regulated the right of the Parlements to remonstrate. Louis foresaw an underaged heir and sought to restrict the power of his nephew Philip II, Duke of Orléans, who, as his closest surviving legitimate relative in France, would likely become regent to the prospective Louis XV. ("I am going away, but the State will always remain"). Held numerous offices, of which: Legitimised on 22 November 1681. Bash Back 3. Alan Dershowitz to Senators: L’état, C’est Trump The Trump defense team's resident legal surrealist insists that presidents can abuse their power in the service of their political careers. [19] The royal family was driven out of Paris twice in this manner, and at one point Louis XIV and Anne were held under virtual arrest in the royal palace in Paris. He also used tapestries as a medium of exalting the monarchy. This is an incomplete list of Louis XIV's illegitimate children. First, in 1685, the Elector Palatine Charles II died. . As Louis aged, so too did the manner in which he was depicted. Ro Khanna, a Democratic member of the House of Representatives, was recently asked what his plan was for the small businesses that might be hurt by the Democrats’ (and some Republicans’) proposal to raise the minimum wage from its current $7.25 an hour to $15.00 an … Louis ruled through a number of councils: The death of his maternal uncle King Philip IV of Spain, in 1665, precipitated the War of Devolution. On 14 May 1643, with Louis XIII dead, Queen Anne had her husband's will annulled by the Parlement de Paris (a judicial body comprising mostly nobles and high clergymen). Colbert's mercantilist administration established new industries and encouraged manufacturers and inventors, such as the Lyon silk manufacturers and the Gobelins manufactory, a producer of tapestries. I think of States in the same way as did King Louis XIV, who said, “L’État, c’est moi.” [“I am the State”], or as as President George W. Bush said: “I am the decider.” And these “deciders” tend to be Hitlers, Stalins, and other megalomaniacs who act on their whims like tigers in the wild. Without royal approval, bishops could not leave France, and appeals could not be made to the Pope. The taille was reduced at first; financial officials were forced to keep regular accounts, auctioning certain taxes instead of selling them privately to a favored few, revising inventories and removing unauthorized exemptions (for example, in 1661 only 10 per cent from the royal domain reached the King). [122] And Lord Acton admired him as "by far the ablest man who was born in modern times on the steps of a throne". The clear demonstration of French military superiority for many decades before this time, the pro-French faction at the court of Spain, and even Pope Innocent XII convinced him that France was more likely to preserve his empire intact. Those Protestants who had resisted conversion were now to be baptised forcibly into the established church. Otherwise, he may simply have desired to end the remaining divisions in French society dating to the Wars of Religion by fulfilling his coronation oath to eradicate heresy. Louis' reign marked the birth and infancy of the art of medallions. Louis played an Egyptian in Le Mariage forcé in 1664, a Moorish gentleman in Le Sicilien in 1667, and both Neptune and Apollo in Les Amants magnifiques in 1670. [36], The French alliance was deeply unpopular in England, who made peace with the Dutch in the February 1674 Treaty of Westminster. [51] For this purpose, an elaborate court ritual was created wherein the king became the centre of attention and was observed throughout the day by the public. He also disallowed Protestant-Catholic intermarriages to which third parties objected, encouraged missions to the Protestants, and rewarded converts to Catholicism. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in European history. Louis dominated the central government of France and consulted with hand-picked ministers. His lack of faith in Queen Anne's political abilities was his primary rationale. [68], Another event Louis found threatening was England's Glorious Revolution of 1688. With his support, Colbert established from the beginning of Louis' personal reign a centralised and institutionalised system for creating and perpetuating the royal image. If the Spanish empire then fell to him, it would have resurrected a domain as vast as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's in the 16th century. Although King James II was Catholic, his two Anglican daughters, Mary and Anne, ensured the English people a Protestant succession. Yahoo ist Teil von Verizon Media. The Cardinal depended totally on Anne's support and had to use all his influence on the Queen to avoid nullifying, but to restrain some of her radical actions. Trump hauls out the rhetorical heavy artillery while taking a l’état, c’est moi approach to impeachment. Acceptance of the will of Charles II and consequences, See also Louis' commissioned academy of dance, discussed in, Louis had no children; he died aged 10 in 1795. We’ve come to expect such things from the fraud who posed as antiwar. [citation needed]. . In an attempt to avoid war, Louis signed the Treaty of the Hague with William III of England in 1698. It was Condé's sister who pushed him to turn against the queen. One has only to look at Obama's own behavior to see that he himself tries to rule like a monarch in the mold of George III or Louis XIV, who famously said. Louis proved relatively more faithful to his second wife, Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon. This military manoeuvre was also intended to protect his eastern provinces from Imperial invasion by depriving the enemy army of sustenance, thus explaining the preemptive scorched earth policy pursued in much of southwestern Germany (the "Devastation of the Palatinate"). He sometimes danced leading roles which were suitably royal or godlike (such as Neptune, Apollo, or the Sun). Praising his ability to choose and encourage men of talent, the historian Chateaubriand noted: "it is the voice of genius of all kinds which sounds from the tomb of Louis".[25]. Versailles became a dazzling, awe-inspiring setting for state affairs and the reception of foreign dignitaries. Nonetheless, there was still a disparity between realistic representation and the demands of royal propaganda. His elder son and successor, Joseph I, followed him in 1711. In 1669, Suleiman Aga led an Ottoman embassy to revive the old Franco-Ottoman alliance. Buoyed by the victory of Louis, duc d’Enghien (later known as le Grand Condé) at the Battle of Lens, Mazarin, on Queen Anne's insistence, arrested certain members in a show of force. Vehemently anti-French, William (now William III of England) pushed his new kingdoms into war, thus transforming the League of Augsburg into the Grand Alliance. Composers and musicians such as Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jacques Champion de Chambonnières, and François Couperin thrived. [114], Line of succession to the French throne upon the death of Louis XIV in 1715. Conseil de Conscience ("Council of Conscience", concerning religious affairs and episcopal appointments). "[71], Peace was broached by Sweden in 1690. Throughout these regions Louis and Colbert embarked on an extensive program of architecture and urbanism meant to reflect the styles of Versailles and Paris and the 'gloire' of the realm.[41]. His mother had experienced four stillbirths between 1619 and 1631. This aristocratic coalition was strong enough to liberate the princes, exile Mazarin, and impose a condition of virtual house arrest on Queen Anne. To break the Portuguese dominance there, Louis sent Jesuit missionaries to the court of the Kangxi Emperor in 1685: Jean de Fontaney, Joachim Bouvet, Jean-François Gerbillon, Louis Le Comte, and Claude de Visdelou. Louis generously supported the royal court of France and those who worked under him. Secondly, following the proposal of René de Marillac and the Marquis of Louvois, he began quartering dragoons in Protestant homes. Although Rigaud crafted a credible likeness of Louis, the portrait was neither meant as an exercise in realism nor to explore Louis' personal character. While pharmacology was still quite rudimentary in his day, the Invalides pioneered new treatments and set new standards for hospice treatment. To the aristocracy, this rebellion represented a protest against and a reversal of their political demotion from vassals to courtiers. The Spanish marriage would be very important both for its role in ending the war between France and Spain, because many of the claims and objectives of Louis' foreign policy for the next 50 years would be based upon this marriage, and because it was through this marriage that the Spanish throne would ultimately be delivered to the House of Bourbon (which holds it to this day). French for "study." Mazarin soon supported the Queen's position because he knew that her support for his power and his foreign policy depended on making peace with Spain from a strong position and on the Spanish marriage. [12] She left the direction of the daily administration of policy to Cardinal Mazarin. Louis also renovated and improved the Louvre and other royal residences. "Sun King" and "Le Roi Soleil" redirect here. Louis' detractors have argued that his considerable foreign, military, and domestic expenditure impoverished and bankrupted France. Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Charles de l'Aubespine, marquis de Châteauneuf, Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, François Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, duc de Luxembourg, Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, Françoise-Athénaïs, Marquise de Montespan, Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Antoine, King of Navarre, Duke of Vendôme, Maria Theresa, Infanta of Spain, Archduchess of Austria, Queen of France and of Navarre, Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan, Colonel General of the Suisses et Grisons, "Modern History Sourcebook: Duc de Saint-Simon: The Court of Louis XIV", "Morganatic and Secret Marriages in the French Royal Family", "Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Frankreich)", Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, "Habsburg, Margaretha (Königin von Spanien)", "La Mise en Spectacle De La Religion Royale: Recherches sur la Devotion de Louis XIV", "Force, Order, and Diplomacy in the Age of Louis XIV", "La Gloire du Roi: Iconographie de Louis XIV de 1661 a 1672", Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland, Anne Marie Louise, Duchess of Montpensier, Marguerite Louise, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Élisabeth Marguerite, Duchess of Alençon and Angoulême, Françoise d'Aubigné, Marchioness of Maintenon, Maria Carolina Sophia Felicity Leszczyńska, Provisional Government of the French Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV&oldid=1011852004#Quotes, French military personnel of the Nine Years' War, People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2017, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2020, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2019, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles needing additional references from August 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Legitimised on 20 February 1669. From that time until his death, Mazarin was in charge of foreign and financial policy without the daily supervision of Anne, who was no longer regent. [15], The Frondeurs, political heirs of the disaffected feudal aristocracy, sought to protect their traditional feudal privileges from the increasingly centralized royal government. [22], During this period, Louis fell in love with Mazarin's niece Marie Mancini, but Anne and Mazarin ended the king's infatuation by sending Mancini away from court to be married in Italy. Maria Theresa died in 1683, whereupon Louis remarked that she had never caused him unease on any other occasion. In addition to portraits, Louis commissioned at least 20 statues of himself in the 1680s, to stand in Paris and provincial towns as physical manifestations of his rule. … The term l’état, c’est moi is attributed to Louis XIV, king of France for seventy-two years. L'état, c'est moi definition is - the state, it is I : I myself am the nation. Moreover, Louis sent troops to the Spanish Netherlands to evict Dutch garrisons and secure Dutch recognition of Philip V. In 1701, Philip transferred the asiento (the right to supply slaves to Spanish colonies) to France, as a sign of the two nation's growing connections. French Myth #4: King Louis XIV said, “L’État, c’est moi.” Louis XIV ruled France for over 72 years, so long that he was succeeded on the throne not by his son or his grandson, but by his great-grandson. Unlike that which preceded it, tales of sordid intrigue and half-hearted warfare characterized this second phase of upper-class insurrection. In 1661, the receipts were equivalent to 26 million British pounds, of which 10 million reached the treasury. Austria, ruled by the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III, ceded all Habsburg lands and claims in Alsace to France and acknowledged her de facto sovereignty over the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Verdun, and Toul. Do not imitate me, but be a peaceful prince, and may you apply yourself principally to the alleviation of the burdens of your subjects. Only poverty-stricken Russia exceeded it in population, and no one could match its wealth, central location, and very strong professional army. Moreover, eager to emancipate themselves from Habsburg domination, petty German states sought French protection. Louis' relationship with his mother was uncommonly affectionate for the time. Britain gained the most from the treaty, but the final terms were much more favourable to France than those being discussed in peace negotiations in 1709 and 1710. It was Louis who had said “L’état, c’est moi.” (I am the state) and few doubted that he meant it. In Brabant (the location of the land in dispute), children of first marriages traditionally were not disadvantaged by their parents' remarriages and still inherited property. In general, Louis was an eager dancer who performed 80 roles in 40 major ballets. He recommended that France fight back by licensing French merchants ships to privateer and seize enemy merchant ships, while avoiding its navies: Vauban was pessimistic about France's so-called friends and allies: Louis decided to persecute Protestants and revoke the 1598 Edict of Nantes, which awarded Huguenots political and religious freedom. Louis XIV ordered the surprise destruction of a Flemish city to divert the attention of these troops. Through these liaisons, he produced numerous illegitimate children, most of whom he married to members of cadet branches of the royal family. Said he, updating Louis XIV: "Governments do not decorate themselves. In 1714, after losing Landau and Freiburg, the Holy Roman Emperor also made peace with France in the Treaties of Rastatt and Baden. [86] Eventually, France recovered its military pride with the decisive victory at Denain in 1712. He also commissioned "war artists" to follow him on campaigns to document his military triumphs. Louis XIV became friends with Villeroy's young children, particularly François de Villeroy, and divided his time between the Palais-Royal and the nearby Hotel de Villeroy. Unfortunately for Anne, her partial victory depended on Condé, who wanted to control the queen and destroy Mazarin's influence. Thus, Brabant allegedly "devolved" to Maria Theresa, giving France a justification to attack the Spanish Netherlands. During the Eighty Years' War with Spain, France supported the Dutch Republic as part of a general policy of opposing Habsburg power. Anne kept the direction of religious policy strongly in her hand until 1661; her most important political decisions were to nominate Cardinal Mazarin as her chief minister and the continuation of her late husband's and Cardinal Richelieu's policy, despite their persecution of her, for the sake of her son. Just as the first Fronde (the Fronde parlementaire of 1648–1649) ended, a second one (the Fronde des princes of 1650–1653) began. By the winter of 1708–09, he was willing to accept peace at nearly any cost. [108], Besides the official depiction and image of Louis, his subjects also followed a non-official discourse consisting mainly of clandestine publications, popular songs, and rumors that provided an alternative interpretation of Louis and his government. He sailed for England with troops despite Louis's warning that France would regard it as a provocation. What is certain is that reaction to the Edict was mixed. On the other hand, petitions addressed either directly to Louis or to his ministers exploited the traditional imagery and language of monarchy. [94] This included banning opera and comedy performances during Lent. De Gaulle approved the other three, but bowed himself out with giraffe-like grace. It is believed that Louis's policies were rooted in his experiences during the Fronde, when men of high birth readily took up the rebel cause against their king, who was actually the kinsman of some. [45] Louis also received a Chinese Jesuit, Michael Shen Fu-Tsung, at Versailles in 1684. Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, France's leading military strategist, warned Louis in 1689 that a hostile "Alliance" was too powerful at sea. French diplomacy secured Bavaria, Portugal, and Savoy as Franco-Spanish allies.[83]. He produced no children, however, and consequently had no direct heirs. Although this was within his legal rights, the dragonnades inflicted severe financial strain on Protestants and atrocious abuse. In the case of Maria Theresa, nonetheless, the renunciation was considered null and void owing to Spain's breach of her marriage contract with Louis. Queen Anne had a very close relationship with the Cardinal, and many observers believed that Mazarin became Louis XIV's stepfather by a secret marriage to Queen Anne. This major development in ballet played an important role in promoting French culture and ballet throughout Europe during Louis' time. By the time of the Treaty of Ryswick, the Spanish succession had been a source of concern to European leaders for well over forty years. Led into the royal bedchamber, they gazed upon Louis, who was feigning sleep, were appeased, and then quietly departed. [125][126], In 1848, at Nuneham House, a piece of Louis' mummified heart, taken from his tomb and kept in a silver locket by Lord Harcourt, Archbishop of York, was shown to the Dean of Westminster, William Buckland, who ate it.[127]. — attributed to the archetypal absolute monarch, Louis XIV of France. Both were greatly interested in food and theatre, and it is highly likely that Louis developed these interests through his close relationship with his mother. To remind the people of these triumphs, Louis erected permanent triumphal arches in Paris and the provinces for the first time since the decline of the Roman Empire. In May 1672, France invaded the Republic, supported by Münster and the Electorate of Cologne. [72] Louis tried to break up the alliance against him by dealing with individual opponents, but did not achieve his aim until 1696, when the Savoyards agreed to the Treaty of Turin and switched sides. [1][a] Louis XIV's France was emblematic of the age of absolutism in Europe. His uncle, the future. The Dauphin would receive all of Spain's Italian territories. Beaufort, who had escaped from the prison where Anne had incarcerated him five years before, was the military leader in Paris, under the nominal control of Conti. Louis XIV of France summed up his view of power with the phrase “L’État, c’est moi,” or “I am the State.” Donald Trump became president four months ago with roughly the same idea. Louis XIV brought France to its peak of absolute power and his words 'L'etat c'est moi' ('I am the state') express the spirit of a rule in which the king held all political authority. Between 1693 and 1710, over two million people died in two famines, made worse as foraging armies seized food supplies from the villages. To support the reorganized and enlarged army, the panoply of Versailles, and the growing civil administration, the king needed a good deal of money. As a further example of his continued care for the capital, Louis constructed the Hôtel des Invalides, a military complex and home to this day for officers and soldiers rendered infirm either by injury or old age. In 1705, the Emperor Leopold I died. Though he probably never said, “L’etat c’est moi,” clearly Louis felt that the state was his patrimony (“L’etat a moi.”) Late in his life, Louis may have recognized the distinction between the state and himself.
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